Family History Friday #16 - Pioneer Carpentry

     Our fifth biannual cousin camp will take place the last week in July.  We're  doing a family history theme this year and focusing on the lifestyles of some of our hardy pioneer ancestors.  One of the activities we are planning is pioneer carpentry.  My inspiration for this particular activity stemmed from a probate record I found pertaining to my fourth great grandfather, John Crihfield.  He died in 1851 in Lauderdale County, Tennessee, which borders on the Mississippi River.  Included in the probate record is a report of the estate sale which provides an exhaustive list of John Crihfield's personal property. This gives us a pretty good view of how the Crihfield family lived.  He appeared to have been a fairly prosperous farmer as he owned a fair amount of cattle and hogs. His son-in-law, (my third great grandfather) James H Heiskill, purchased a number of items at the estate sale. He purchased half of a canoe along with catfish hooks and lines. I'm assuming he probably already owned the other half of the canoe. It seems likely that he and his father-in-law were running trot lines on the Mississippi River to catch catfish.  James Heiskill also purchased some carpentry tools, specifically a hatchet and a drawknife. Other carpentry tools sold at the estate sale included two frows (also spelled froe), a hand saw,  2 pairs of compasses, 1 axe, 2 augers, chisels, a gimlet, and several whet stones for sharpening tools.

     Our pioneer ancestors used tools such as are listed above to build their homes and make all kinds of furniture and other useful items.  It was a lot easier to carry all of the carpentry tools in a wagon than it would have been to carry a load of furniture. Clearing land in a new location always provided a good supply of wood.

     If words such as froe or drawknife were featured in a modern day trivia test, I suspect that most people wouldn't have any idea what they were. Some people might figure out that an auger bit is used for drilling holes. Most people outside of the south also would have no clue as to what a trot line is. The autocorrect feature of my computer keeps trying to change froe to fore, but it seems ok with drawknife and trot line.  For the education of the small handful of friends and relatives who read my blog, I'm going to include a few photos and brief explanations as to the use of these tools.

    Let's start with the froe.  This is a tool used to split wood.  It was commonly used to make shingles. It consists of a long heavy blade attached to a handle. The blade is driven into the wood to be split with a heavy mallet.  The handle of the froe is then used to apply leverage to force the wood to split as well as to provide some control of the direction of the split.  I watched a really interesting show on Netflicks a year or so back. It was called "Happy People, a Year in the Taiga".  It told about the lives of fur trappers living on  the Yenisey River in Siberia. My favorite part of the show was watching this trapper manufacture a pair of cross country skis from a tree. He used a froe to split a small diameter log into two boards.  He then shaped the boards into skis primarily using a drawknife.

Froe

    Drawknives are used to shave off wood. Heavy duty drawknives can be used to remove the bark from a log.  Smaller drawknives can be used to shape wood to make things such as chair or table legs, or the skis mentioned above.  Drawknives were often used in conjunction with a shave horse, a type of workbench which also functions as a clamp to hold the wood being shaped with the drawknife.  The woodworker would sit on one end of the shave horse and push against a foot brace in order to hold his work piece firmly in place.  I'm planning to build a shave horse to use at our cousin camp.

The drawknife is at the bottom of the photo

    An auger bit is a primitive drill.  It consists of a long drill bit and a handle which fits down over the top of the drill bit.  As the handle is rotated, the bit drills into the wood.

Auger bit with handle

   I found the medium size drawknife, the auger bit, and the two hand planes on craigslist.  The froe was a gift from a good friend, Duncan Biddle. I also bought a pair of smaller drawknives at a local hardware store a larger drawknife from Grizzly Tools.

     So, you're all probably wondering what we are going to do with all of these wonderful old tools.  My plan is to saw down a Red Alder tree,  cut it into sections of appropriate length, and split those sections of trunk with mauls and wedges or possibly with the froe into two equal halves. We will drill holes for legs and shape those legs using the shave horse and drawknives. Then we will pound the legs into our benches using a heavy mallet. Last of all welwill use the jack plane to smooth out the surface of the bench. It sounds like a wonderfully fun time to me. I'm hoping the older grandkids will enjoy it as well. I can only imagine the consternation of the parents as they try to fit their child's camp project into the car at the end of cousin camp.

 

Visiting Grand Children

   We've been pretty busy grandparents the past few weekends.  Several weekends back we traveled to Ellensburg to attend a production of Fiddler on the Roof with my son James and his sweet family.  We left for Ellensburg right after I closed the store on Saturday afternoon.  That two hour drive to visit the Tunnells will soon be increased to about five hours after they complete their move to Pullman. It was hard for us when they moved from Monroe to Ellensburg and went from 15 minutes away to 2 hours away.  Now we have to get used to a greater distance from loved ones.

     Fiddler on the Roof is one of my favorite musicals and this particular production was very well done.  They had brought in a professional Tevia who was marvelous.  Our grand children were very well behaved and attentive throughout the performance.  Even little Nora managed to at least make it through to the intermission.  The only serious fly in the ointment was the late night drive home to Snohomish after the performance.  Fortunately, with my recent release from the Bishopric, I no longer have an early morning meeting on Sunday.

   The following weekend we traveled to Oregon to watch our grand daughter Chloe perform in a Shakespear comedy, As You Like It. She has been involved in a home school group which studies Shakespear for the past year.  Chloe played the part of Adam, the elderly servant of one of the main characters.  Obviously from the photo below, its hard to make a pretty twelve year old girl look like an old man.  Chloe did a great job on her lines and hobbled and shuffled as well as any old man of my personal acquaintance.They put on a pretty good show and we had a great time.

Chloe Kang as Adam from As You Like It

Family History Friday #15

   This past Sunday morning I was looking at family search.org. The pedigree chart was in portrait mode and I noticed that it didn't show a photo for my maternal grandmother, Lillian Mae Rolo. I was sure we had photos of her uploaded into the memories section so I investigated further.

    As it turns out there were a number of wonderful photos of Lillian I could chose to display on the pedigree chart. However, I found something much more important than the photos. I found eight letters she had written to her children, just a few months before she died in a sanitarium from tuberculosis. I had known about one of the letters which was addressed to my mother, but I didn't know about the ones to her siblings. 

      It just so happened that Mom's younger sister (Macel Arlene Sinor) was visiting us at the time. I walked downstairs and introduced my Aunt Arlene to family search.org. As it turned out, she didn't know about the letters. She was such a small child at the time of her mother's death that she doesn't remember her mother at all. It was a special moment for her to be able to read her mother's last expression of her love for her children and to her specifically.

    Later that day, as I was sitting in church, I pondered what had gone into the preservation of those very special letters. First of all, Lillian's mother, Ann Lee Stromer (married name Rolo)  had chosen to save the letters after Lillian died just a few months later. Later, when grandma Rolo died, the letters came to the custody of Lillian's older sister, Elsie Rolo (married name Shuck). When Aunt Elsie died, the letters came into the possession of Elsie's daughter Patty. When Patty found the letters, she passed them on to my mother, Cozette, who shared them with other family members, which lead to the letters being uploaded onto familysearch.org. I couldn't help but think of the sacred nature of a mother's last expression of her love for her children and it moved me to tears. Linda was sitting next to me and kept asking me if I needed a tissue.

  There were so many people who possessed the letters and each of them could have easily thrown them away or simply misplaced them among all of the other stuff we all carry around. I am convinced that the dead are very much involved in preserving the records that are important to their story. I also believe it was no coincidence that I found the letters on family search while my Aunt Arlene was here.

    Among the letters from Lillian, there was also one letter from my grandfather, James Wilburn Sinor, Sr.  My mother has some issues with her father and has been pretty critical of him. In this letter he wrote about his love for his children and how much he missed them. He also expressed regret for the decision to leave their children with Lillian's parents in Klickitat, Washington while he took her to California to get treatment for her tuberculosis. A good part of the letter was devoted to expressing concern for Lillian's health and happiness. He may not have been the perfect father, but it was clear that he loved his wife and children. After reading the letter I was a little more inclined to cut him a little slack.

    I would like to have included some of the letters and photos of Lillian and her husband, James Wilburn Sinor, but I was unable to figure out how to transfer the photos from family search. When I figure that out I will do like a congressman and revise and extend my remarks.

Grandma's Cuckoo Clock

     We have eight of our twenty-five grandchildren visiting this week. They were really intrigued by Linda's new cuckoo clock. They would get really excited whenever they heard the cuckoo, but somehow never managed to arrive in time to watch the event. This morning they were determined not to miss the cuckoo and all gathered in anticipation of the clock striking eight.

Rapt attention

     They had a lot of questions regarding the workings of the clock.  They were intrigued by the fact that the clock works off a pendulum and a system of weights and gears and has no battery.

Planting the Garden

    I've had a tough time getting the garden planted this spring, due in large part to a busy spring at the Beez Neez.  I'm feeling like I've caught up, but a few things were planted a bit later than I would have liked. The peas in particular could have been planted in February, but were planted in late April. As a consequence, my peas are not as far along as I would like.

     The portion of the garden on the north side of the duck pen is done.  I'm calling it my "Irish Stew Garden" as I have planted potatoes, peas, carrots, and cabbage there. I planted three varieties of potatoes this year that I purchased from the Snohomish Co-op. I planted Yukon Gold, Red Lasoda, and a white variety whose name escapes me.  I'm trying something different this year with the potatoes.  I heavily mulched the potatoes in wheat straw with the intention that I will be harvesting clean potatoes from the straw. I forget where I read about this, but it seemed like a great idea.  I planted a rainbow blend package of carrots, purchased from Ed Hume Seeds. It included red, yellow, orange, white, and purple varieties of carrots. I also planted Marner Cabbage, and Super Sugar Snap Peas. After planting my main potato crop I received a gift of Banana Fingerling potatoes from my daughter, Rachel. I planted those as well, but in a different part of the garden.

Rhubarb Patch

My Irish Stew Garden

    In addition to stew ingredients, the portion of the garden near the duck pen also includes my rhubarb patch. I've added four new rhubarb plants this spring in an effort to grow redder rhubarb for pies. I have three Victoria Rhubarb plants from last year. I purchased Cherry Red Rhubarb from a local nursery and I purchased Canada Red Rhubarb from McDaniels, our local hardware store. Then a good bee store friend renewed her rhubarb patch and asked me to help her find homes for all of the surplus crowns she dug up.  I think there were about twenty.  I added two of them to my rhubarb patch. She couldn't recall the exact name of her rhubarb, but knew it included the word "Crimson" so that is what I will call it for now.

    The main garden area is in the front yard, our sunniest location.  I've planted two varieties of pole beans.  Fortex, a green pole bean, is supposed to be absolutely stringless. It was strongly endorsed by two serious gardening friends as a significant improvement over Blue Lake or Kentucky Wonder.  I also planted a yellow Romano type of pole bean called Marvel of Venice.  It was probably a little early to plant pole beans, but we are having a warmer year than normal. They came up well although I had to replant a little of it due to slug damage. I reduced the number of bean seeds I'm planting for each pole with the idea that it will end up looking less like a jungle. I also planted more Marner Cabbage and Bull's Blood Beets near the pole beans.

    At this time of year I lose the use of the ducks to keep the slug population in check. If I let them continue to do their slug patrols they trample all of the emerging seedlings.  Thus I am left with either using Deadline or doing some nighttime and early morning slug patrols of my own. Deadline isn't bad as far as garden poisons go.  The active ingredient is metaldehyde and supposedly doesn't leave noxious residues in the soil. I bought some Deadline for Linda to use on her Hostas and flowers, but I've stuck with physically removing slugs from the garden and dumping them into the duck pen. Watching the ducks make short work of the slugs isn't a sight for the squeamish.  While looking for slugs early in the morning I found that I still have some allies in my pest control efforts. I found this little salamander out looking for his breakfast in my vegetable garden.

I'm assuming this salamander is looking for protein and not vegetables

    I planted a lot of onion starts in our front garden. Either McDaniels or the Snohomish Co-op had a package deal of three different kinds of onion starts. The bundle consisted of 1/3 Walla Walla Sweet Onions, 1/3 yellow onions, and 1/3 red onions. Linda loves the red onions so I'm hoping that will keep her well supplied.  I planted the onion starts in late January so at least that part of the garden wasn't planted late. The onions are all doing very well except for a little slug predation. This year I will make a point of removing the seed heads when they start to form.  Next to the onions I also have a small patch of garlic I planted last fall.

Newly emerged Mandan Red Clay Indian Corn

    I planted my indian corn on May 12.  That also was a little early, but I covered the indian corn with  clear plastic for the first week it was planted to insure the soil was warm enough. The soil temperature is supposed to be 65 degrees to plant corn. My garden soil was at 62 degrees before I added the plastic cover. It turned out okay as most of the corn is already up.  The variety I planted this year is Mandan Red Clay Parching Corn. It is actually lavender colored rather than red and all of the kernels on the ears are just the one color. It is a flour corn variety which can be used for both parching and cornbread.

   Parching consists of heating in a skillet without oil. After a few minutes the corn pops, but it doesn't expand as much as popcorn. It merely triples in size.  You end up with a fully cooked corn kernel which has a nice crunchy texture. I've read that any flour corn can be parched if dried properly, but a few of the colors don't taste very good.  Supposedly, the red kernels have the best flavor and the blue and black kernels the worst.  I experimented with some of the Painted Mountain Flour Corn I grew last year.  It parched very easily in the microwave and I found it to be pretty tasty. Parched corn was used by a number of indian tribes as travel food because it was both lightweight and compact.

   I have four hills of winter squash planted on the east side of my indian corn. That will allow the squash to expand through the corn patch. I've also planted a few plants each of zucchini, yellow crookneck, and a yellow pattypan squash called Scallopini, all near the pole beans. The winter squash is called Potimarron and looks like a French version of Red Kuri. I had intended to plant Red Kuri as I had such great luck with it last year.  Territorial Seeds carries it, but I never found it on their seed rack in the Snohomish Co-op. I purchased the winter squash seeds from Uprising Seeds in Bellingham, along with the indian corn and a number of other seeds.  They are my current favorite seed company. They specialize in locally adapted varieties, something I would like to encourage. Everything I have ever purchased through them has done very well.

     Another good bee store friend gave me eight tomato plants last week.  He is a serious tomato expert and gave me eight different varieties that he really likes.  The tomato plants are from his green house.  I've used a homemade hoop house for the tomatoes to keep them warmer and drier.  I reduced the size of the tomato hoop house by a third this year and hope I have a more manageable tomato surplus this summer. I also still need to plant cucumbers, but it is still a bit early for both cucumbers and tomatoes. I starting the cucumber seeds indoors a week ago and they are already up. I won't plant them outside until the weather is more consistently warm.

May the Fourth Be with You

    Our Grandchildren find this pun to be particularly funny, much like Pi Day (March 14).  This is actually going to be another one of those, "A Day in the Life" posts.  Yesterday, May 4th, was a nominal day off. I ended up having to do some bee store work in the early morning, in the middle of the day, and again in the late evening. Linda complained a little about this. I told her that complaining about the bee store is a bit like a farmer's wife complaining about the farm.

   The main occasion for my Monday bee store work was preparation for a mini package bee day later this week.  I am purchasing some Carniolan packages this year from a couple of local Russian beekeepers, Nikolai and Dimitri.  Months ago, they had offered to make up packages from their Carniolan bees. It sounded like a good idea at the time. Now it just extends the busy package bee season by another week when I am a bit tired of doing this much work. The advantages are it gives me the opportunity to sell Carniolan packages, a different variety of honeybee from the Italian packages I offer in our main package bee sales. Also the packages are produced somewhat locally. Their bees are currently doing a pollination job on blueberries in Lynden, Washington, near the Canadian border.  Thus there is no grueling drive to California so I don't have to worry about transportation costs. This allows me to sell a smaller number of packages and still have it be a profitable activity.

    The main down side is yet another week of package bees. I'm a little tired of being so busy and longing to spend more time on my vegetable garden and preparations for cousin camp.  I didn't have to drive to California, but I did have to gather the cages and make up enough sugar syrup to fill 88 quart sized cans.  I was very grateful that my daughter Sarah and grand daughters Hannah and Autumn pitched in and helped me prepare the sugar syrup over the weekend. Nikolai and Dimitri came by at 8:00 am to pick up the shipping cages and the recently refilled syrup cans. Twelve hours later, I received a phone call from Nikolai informing me that they were en route with the packages and expected to arrive at the Beez Neez at about 9:15 pm.  I met them at the store. They unloaded their trailer while I vacuumed off the hitchhikers.  I finished up the job at about 11:00 pm so it really wasn't painful.

    I was very impressed with how healthy the packages looked, not having made a twelve hour trip from California. Now all that remains is for me to put the queens into the packages.  The queens were shipped this morning from Koehnan's, a queen producer in California.  UPS will probably deliver them to me at about 10:00am tomorrow. Then I will have to pull out each of the syrup cans, install the queens, and then replace the cans, without releasing any more bees than necessary. I will probably end up with more loose bees than I would like, but that's why I have a bee vacuum.

    Nikolai was very happy to make up these packages for me.  It isn't just about additional revenue, as it solves a significant hive management problem for him.  When he puts his beehives in a blueberry field there is a considerable amount of drifting from one hive to another as the bees get oriented to their new location.  The drifting bees tend to collect in the hives towards the ends of the rows, causing those hives to have a lot more bees than they should. These overpopulated colonies would quickly start preparing to swarm if the situation was not corrected.  Nikolai simply collected the excess bees from these overpopulated colonies and put them into the packages.  Simple in theory, but a lot of work in practice.   Their work day started at about 7:00 am and ended at about 11:30 pm.

    Sandwiched in between this package bee activity, I was able to make some significant progress on our vegetable garden and thew task of reclaiming our poor neglected orchard.  I planted Potimarron winter squash and Super Sugar Snap peas. I made a trip to the bee store and did the bank deposits. I bought goat, duck, and chicken feed, along with six bales of wheat straw, at the Snohomish co-op.  The main issue with the orchard is that I had an apple tree go over this past winter because I unwisely thought it no longer needed to be staked. The heeled over apple tree made it almost impossible to mow the orchard and the orchard is too large for me to want to do the job with a weed wacker.  I should have fixed the tree right after it happened. The tree has lost some roots in the straightening process and may not survive. On the other hand, I do have replacement apple trees waiting in the wings and this particular tree has scab issues. After making the tree vertical again, I used the weed wacker to bring the grass down to a level the mower could handle.  I wasn't able to finish the job as the battery on the weed wacker gave out on me. I've included a photo of my "wheat crop". I noticed that heads are forming on the wheat that grew up from my straw mulch. My friend Quentin gave me a sythe for my birthday a few years back.  It looks like I'll finally get to use it.

   I also hived a swarm around 2:00 pm.  My modified Warre hive sent a small swarm into the adjacent cherry tree. It was pretty easy squeezy to collect the swarm.  I moved the orchard ladder into position, clipped off the small branch with my hand pruners, carried it over to a waiting nuc box. There are a lot more bees in the box than it appears as I had removed the middle frames before I shook the bees of the branch into the box.  It took me longer to get Linda to come out side and take a picture than it took to hive the swarm.

About a three pound swarm

The swarm's new home

   As I was working outside, I found an interesting artifact one of our grandchildren had left on the teeter-totter.  My daughter Sarah and son James had visited us over the weekend. We had a total of eight grandchildren visiting so I don't know which one deserves the credit for this piece of random cuteness. Note the map is labeled "Grama's Hows" rather than "Grampa's Hows". Linda is a rock star grandma so I don't really mind that she always gets top billing. The map is also a bit dyslexic regarding the relative location of their favorite places at Grama's Hows.

Map of Grama's Hows - author unknown

Family History Friday #14 - Old John Maytham Had a Farm

    In working on the Maytham family I stumbled into something fun the other day. I found John Maytham, my third great grandfather, on the agricultural schedule of the 1850 census.  This is a wonderful feature of the 1850, 1860, and 1870 federal censuses which provides a window into the daily life of our ancestors assuming one is lucky enough to have some farmers on their family tree.  The agricultural schedule not only lists the size and value of the farm, but goes into considerable detail as to the number of various farm animals, the value of their farm implements and machinery, and how much of various commodities was produced on the farm.  I find it fascinating to not just know they were a farmer, but to know exactly what kind of a farmer.

    John Maytham's farm consisted of 90 acres, 60 of which were improved and 30 unimproved.  I'm pretty sure improved means house, barn, orchard, and fenced fields and pastures.  The unimproved acreage was possibly woods, or it may have been land too hilly, too rocky, etc to farm. In that part of Ohio I think it is most likely that the unimproved land was woods.  The estimated cash value of the farm was $1,000 while the value of his farm implements and machinery was $53. Implements would be items like a plow or a wagon.  Most of the farms on John Maytham's page of the agricultural schedule  consisted of 80 acres or less of "improved land".

   John Maytham's live stock consisted of 4 horses, 5 "milch" cows, 2 working oxen, 5 "other" cattle, 100 sheep, and 15 swine, for a total of 131 animals.  The oxen were likely used for plowing and heavy draft work.  The horses were probably more used for transportation, like riding or pulling a wagon. It looks like the sheep were their primary livestock as 100 is a sizeable flock of sheep for a small farm.  That is a lot more sheep than any one family could eat.  The annual production of wool from that flock was 300 pounds, a lot more than would be needed for the personal use of the family.  I wonder if they sold it as raw wool or washed and carded some of the wool for a "value added" product.  It is very likely that the daughters were taught to clean, card, and spin wool. The smaller number of swine were probably raised mainly to feed the family as opposed to a revenue source.  The livestock was valued at a total of $363. That averages out to less than $3 per animal.

   The schedule also provided information about the farm's yearly production of certain crops and commodities. John Maytham primary crop was "Indian Corn" of which he grew 350 bushels.  That is a whole lot of corn shucking and shelling.  I'm guessing his numerous children were very active participants in harvesting the corn. I wonder how old a child had to be to get to drive the wagon. John Maytham may have had a hand crank corn sheller similar to mine.  With that volume of corn, I suspect that his children might have been less enthused about cranking the corn sheller than my grandchildren have been. He also grew 100 bushels of wheat, 50 bushels of oats, and 30 bushels of buckwheat.  I'm not sure how the grain crops were harvested and threshed.  Lesser commodities included 10 tons of hay,  5 bushels of "Irish" potatoes, 500 pounds of butter, orchard products valued at $20, and 60 pounds of maple sugar.  The value of animals slaughtered was $65. That may seem paltry by today's standards, but remember that John Maytham's 131 head of livestock were collectively valued at $363.  The animals slaughtered for food or sale would have a lesser value than his horses, milk cows, and oxen. That $65 could easily represent 50 slaughter lambs, 10 hogs, and a few steers.  I'm sure a great deal of serious labor was involved in harvesting the grain crops and the ten tons of hay.

    The primary orchard product in those days was probably apple cider.  Initially I thought that seemed like a very small orchard, but this was back when a sheep could be purchased for a dollar. I suspect that the orchard would have consisted of at least a dozen apple trees.  The value of homemade manufactures was  $6.  I'm curious what that category might have included. Possibilities I've considered are homespun woolen yarn or carpentry products.  For all I know, they may even have had a bee hive or two.